INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study on Stack Emissions is to identify the amount of Oxides of Nitrogen and Particulate Matter which are contributing into atmosphere which are leading to decreasing the ambient air quality in metropolitan cities, which is becoming one of the reasons for many chronic diseases.
Where the unstoppable industrialization and urbanization is taking place in targeted areas where population is becoming one of the major reason among many.
Air Pollution
An addition or excessive levels of certain chemical compounds when comes to contact with physical environment (water, air and soil) leads to Environmental Pollution, and pollutants are the elements which causes such adverse effect on the quality of natures components which leads to lose their natural characterization. Upon all these aspects nature itself having a concept where it represents the sharing capacity of Bio-sphere.
(Image Structure Source: Ecology)
From the above figure,
Let us assume that bigger circle as a Bio-Sphere which is holding Air, Water and Land along with the existence of individuals, where the interactions of individuals to their environment is an integral part of the science of psychology, where it is defined as the study of Human and Animal behavior.
The interactions of relations among individuals and their environment is like Newtons 3rd law which explains: where there is an action, there will be a same and opposite reaction.
i.e.,
“Individuals are not only influenced by ones’ environment, but also the behavior of each individual also deeply affects on their own environment “.
According to psychology: Behavior does not take place in a vacuum.
(Source: Encyclopedia of environmental sciences and engineering – Volume two N-Z)
So, in this case the medium in between individuals and environment is “Atmosphere” where it holds the mixture of gasses (Refer Table.1) named “AIR”.
GASES
NAME FORMULA
AMOUNT OF GASES
PERCENTAGE OF GASES
Nitrogen N2
78.08%
Oxygen O2
20.95%
Argon Ar
0.93%
Carbon Dioxide Co2
0.04%
Neon Ne
0.018%
Helium He
0.00052%
Methane CH4
0.00018%
Krypton Kr
0.00011%
Hydrogen H
0.000055%
Nitrous oxide NOx
0.000032%
Carbon Monoxide CO
0.00002%
Xenon Xe
0.00000087%
(Table Source: https://www.chemicool.com/elements/composition-of-air.html)
When ever the level of toxicants alters in atmosphere (it might be addition of chemical compounds naturally nor man made) the act of AIR POLLUTION takes place. Which leads to hazardous impressions on individuals.
The main pollutants of atmosphere particularly in metropolitan cities are Oxides of Nitrogen and Particulate Matter which are emitting due to utilization of Fossil fuels and Black gold.
Sources of Air Pollution
Natural Sources: Volcanic eruptions, Forest fires, Dust, Lightning etc.,
Biogenic sources: Agricultural fertilization and Nitrogen fixation by microorganisms.
(Source: Wikipedia)
Anthropogenic sources: Stationary emissions, vehicular emissions, landfills, Open fire etc.,
Brief note on Oxides of Nitrogen
The word oxides of nitrogen represent the fragments of Nitrogen and Oxygen together like No, No2 and other elements of NOx.
In other word NOx is the sum of NO and NO2 along with flue gas concentrations with respect to the combustion chamber.
NOx = NO + NO2
Source of equation: fluid.nme.pwr.wroc.pl > NOx Formation (NOx formation in combustion process)
Natural Sources: Lightning, Volcanic eruption etc.,
Anthropogenic Sources: Industrial Source and Vehicle emissions due to combustion of fuel in high temperatures.
Brief note on Particulate Matter
Image Source: www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/
Particulate matter is a mixture of fine particles along with liquid medium which is present in atmosphere. They may have formed due to natural phenomena or anthropogenic phenomena.
Natural Phenomena: Due to wind which carries dust.
Anthropogenic Phenomena: Occurs due to industrial combustion where fuel (It might be Black gold or Thermal combustion) is used to run the units which leads to combustion of fuel.
Health and Environmental Effects
Health Effects: Lung Diseases, Irregular Heart Attacks, Nose and Throat infections, premature deaths and eye irritations.
Environmental Effects: Effects on Ecosystems, Acidification of lakes and rivers, Effects on the life cycle of crops and may leads to ground water contamination when they come in contact with soil and as well soil may loss its nutrients.
Objective
To estimate the concentration of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions from stationary sources.
Deriving the contributions of particulate matter through the Stationary sources and
A hypothesis on consequences of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter on human health.
Methodology of the study
Components of methodology are,
Selection of experimental methods and sampling procedure
Parameters under the selected standards
Plan of work
Selection of sampling site and minimum number of transverse points
Iso – Kinetical Sample Collection
Equipment Used
SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND SMAPLING PROCEDURE
The selection of experimental methods and sampling procedure depends upon the equipment available in the area of working as well as depends upon the recruitment of skilled persons to represent the data through the selected procedure.
In this case, to represent the data we followed the methodology and sampling procedures from “IS:11255 – Methods for measurement of emissions from stationary sources” (PDS Method) which was adopted by the Bureau of Indian standards in 2005.
PARAMETERS UNDER THE SELSECTED INDIAN STANDARDS
The analysis of data might be two types, one which is depended on the choices of the client (Client Based) and the other one depends on the official order of the auditor.
Table of different parameters in stationary sources:
S.No IS Code IS Name
1. IS:11255 (Part 1) – 1985 Particulate Matter
2. IS:11255 (Part 2) – 1985 Sulphur Dioxide
3. IS:11255 (Part 3) – 2008 Flow Rate
4. IS:11255 (Part 4) – 2006 Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon Disulphide
5. IS:11255 (Part 5) – 1990 Total Fluoride
6. IS:11255 (Part 6) – 1999 Ammonia
7. IS:11255 (Part 7) – 2005 Oxides of Nitrogen
PLAN OF WORK
The plan of work represents the collection of sample from the site according to the client. For this collection of sample, the structured work analysis will be like,
Check List
Calibrating the required equipment
PPE
Site data records
Spot inspection proforma
Sample preservation (It depends or varies from one parameter to another)
SELECTION OF SMAPLING SITE AND MINIMUM NUMBER OF TRAVERSE POINTS
Once the site data records are available from the client side, based on
Height of the stack
Diameter of the stack and
Area of the stack
The minimum number of traverse points are to be estimated to measure the
Flow rate
Pressure and
Temperature inside the stack.
List of the different traverse points based on the standard diameters as listed below
S.No
Range of stack diameter (m)
Total No. of Traverse No. of Traverse
Plane 1 Plane 2
1.
ID up to 0.3 4 4 –
2. ID > 0.3 up to 0.6 8 8 –
3. ID > 0.6 up to 1.2 12 12 –
4. ID > 1.2 up to 2.4 20 10 10
5. ID > 2.4 up to 5.0 32 16 16
6. ID > 5.0 52 26 26
Source of Table: Indian Standards Book IS:11255 (part 3): 2008 (page no.3).
Calculation of percentage of diameter from inside of the stack to the wall can be determined by using the formula
Xi = d/2 1- ?1-(2i-1)/ni * 100
Where,
Xi = Percentage distance of point I from the stack/duct wall,
D = Diameter of stack/duct,
I = Index of sampling point along the diameter, and
Ni = Number of sampling point along sampling line.
The disturbances caused by the diversions when the flow of gases and particles hitting up through the tunnels to chimney the flow rate will go under certain disturbances in their wavelengths. So, its not that possible to collect the sample while the flow is not iso-kinetically, in this case there is concept of 2D and 8D (D – diameter) we can say these as measurements where we can able to know the stable stream line is appeared to collect the sample.
When the disturbance is caused at initial stage of flow, the concept of 2D will be taken to measure the exact point/location to collect the sample like, 2 times the diameter of the actual stack diameter gives the stream line flow.
In the same way when the stream line is not appeared at 2D then the 8D (8 times the diameter of actual stack diameter) gives the exact point/location to collect the sample iso-kinetically.
ISO – KINETIC SAMPLE COLLECTION
Source of Image: http://www.airflowsciences.com/Services/FieldTesting/Isokinetic
The components like Velocity, Pressure, Flow Rate and Temperature will differ from initial state to stabilized state and the disturbance may leads to change in a wavelength of particulates. Hence the IKSC helps to capture the particles without any disturbance in their paths.
Due to the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or a medium in an unfair way is known as BIAS and the changes occurs in collecting the concentrations of particulate matter when the velocity of the flue gas (Vs) and the velocity of the flow rate of the sampling train gets either UNDER ISOKINETIC CONDITIONS nor OVER ISOKINETIC CONDITIONS.
The IKSC can be classified into three major types:
ISOKINETIC
UNDER – ISOKINETIC
OVER – ISOKINETIC
ISOKINETIC SAMPLE COLLECTION
Vn = Vs
UNDER ISOKINETIC SAMPLE COLLECTION
Vn Vs
EQUIPMENT USED FOR SAMPLING
Figure – 1
Source: Indian Standard Methods for Measurement of Emission from Stationary Sources Part I Oxides of Nitrogen.
Components of Sampling Train are
Probe
Flask
Flask Valve
Flask Shield
Barometer
Thermometer
Squeeze Bulb
Vacuum Gauge
Vacuum Line
Stop clock
pH Indicator
Hot plate
Spectrophotometer
The Components of the sampling train led us to collect air sample as well as particulate matter in the stack and also the moisture content, pressure and temperature present in the stack at the time of load is emitting out into atmosphere.
PROBE:
SOURCE: Google Images
Probe is made up of stainless steel or Teflon tubing may also be used. Hence heating is not necessary if the probe is dry at the point of purging.
Mostly probes can be categorized into three main elements based on the material used:
Nickel – Alloy Thermocouples:
E Type
J Type
K Type
M Type
N Type
T Type
Platinum / Rhodium – Alloy Thermocouples
B Type
R Type
S Type
Tungsten / Rhenium Alloy Thermocouples and others
C Type
D Type
G Type
As per the Selected site condition and the utilization of DG sets we had selected T – Type Thermocouple.
FLASK:
Collection flask is a 2-liter borosilicate round bottom flask with the full length standard taper opening as shown in figure1. Containing an absorbing solution of Dilute Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide to absorb the sample.
SOURCE: Google Images
FLASK VALVE:
A T-Bore stopcock is connected to a 24/40 full length taper joint which allows the actions Sample Collection, Vacuum and to evacuation.
Symbolical representations of the actions are represented as follows:
FLASK SHIELD:
To avoid the breakage of the borosilicate flask and to keep in a constant position of the sample, Flask shield is utilized.
SQUEEZE BULB:
One-way Squeeze Bulb is a material used to collect and store the carbon dioxide (C02) and carbon monoxide gases emitted while the sample collection.
VACUUM GAUGE:
Measuring of pressure in a medium is an analysis of units of force per unit of surface area, which is capable of measuring pressure to within ± 2.5 mm Hg.
VACUUM LINE:
A vacuum line is something that which sounds like a hose, it might be made up of rubber and flexible or a hard plastic which carries a vacuum.
VACUUM PUMP: It generates a suction effect which was formed due to compressed air acceleration.
pH INDICATOR:
It is the chemical detector of hydrogen ions H+ in a solution. Depending on the concentration of H+ ions in a solution the color may change by indicating the concentration of the targeted solution. Based on the change of color the physical properties of solution can be identifiable.
In this clinical analysis we used pH paper – Red litmus paper as a pH indicator.
LITMUS:
Litmus is a solvent madden from different dyes extracted from lichens, later it was absorbed onto a filter paper to check the acidity of the particular solution.
LITMUS POWDER
RED LITMUS PAPER
HOT PLATE:
Hot plates are used to heat glassware which will be having the combinations of chemicals and respected samples. This type of heating gives the concentrated compound which is present in the sample by avoiding the chemical substances for further identification.
There are three methods for heating the glassware namely,
Direct Method
Slightly Above the Surface
Teepee Setup
DIRECT METHOD:
The glassware/flask will be kept without any medium in between the surfaces of flask and the hot plate.
SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE SURFACE:
By placing the glassware/flask slightly above the surface of hot plate with a medium in between surface of hot plate and surface of flask will reduce the temperatures of glassware along with slowing down the rate of heat exchange between the surfaces which helps in avoiding the flammable chemical compounds in their respective state of inflammation.
TEEPEE SET UP:
The method of wrapping the glassware expect the ends of the flask, but from neck to bottom of the flask using ‘tinfoil’. This method is used for the flask or chemicals which has to be heated in high temperatures, to avoid the rupture of the flask with the surface of the hot plate which damages the sample due to imbalance of heat.
The tinfoil allows heat transfer in the form of hot air collecting under the skirt and thus, this method is safe comparatively than above methods.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER:
Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetcs/Spectrophotometry
The method to measure the amount of light absorbed by the chemical substance present in the sample.
According to “Beer – Lambert Law” there is a linear inter-relation between the amount of absorption of light and concentration of a sample. It is represented as,
A = elc
Where,
A is measure of absorbance.
e is the molar extinction coefficient.
l is the path length and,
c is the concentration.
A BRIEF NOTE ON TOXIC POLLUTENTS PRESENT IN DIESEL EXHAUST FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
Diesel as an anthropogenic source among many, the principal pollutants or toxic compounds are able to found in diesel exhaust which are mostly used in Large scale, Medium scale and Small-scale industries. The major pollutants are,
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Along with these components due to improper combustion there is an emission of diesel particulate matter, which has become one of the major health concerns among many due to heavy organic compounds present in the particulate matter such as PAHs.
PAH – POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HUDROCARBONS
These are hydrocarbons with organic compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen as its components. PAHs are uncharged, non-polar molecules found in coal and in tar deposits. They may also have produced by the incomplete combustion in concentrated areas.
Some of the components produced from Stationary Sources which uses Diesel as their Fuel
Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/env_top.php
SITE VISITS FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
S.No NAME OF THE SITE SELECTION OF SAMPLES PARAMETERS
CLIENT BASED ORGANISATION BASED
1. Site X Oxides of nitrogen, CO, CO2 and PM.
2. Site Y Oxides of nitrogen, CO, CO2 and PM.
3. Site Z Oxides of nitrogen, CO, CO2 and PM.
Note: Site names and Organization names are not to be mentioned in the report. Accordingly, protocol of the Research Institute.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED SAMPLES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF RESPECTED COMPONENTS
: FIRST PHASE:
NOx EXRATION AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATION FROM THE SAMPLES.
S.NO JOB ORDER/ STANDARD SOLUTION PARAMETER QUANTITY
1. Blank Solution Standard Solution for Calibration 25 ml
2. 2ppm KNO3 Working solution 25 ml
3. 5ppm KNO3 Working solution 25 ml
4. 8ppm KNO3 Working solution 25 ml
5. 14011819/2/5 NOx 25 ml
6. 1804-2-421-2189 NOx 25 ml
7. 14011819/2/1 NOx 25 ml
8. 1805-5-421-821 NOx 25 ml
9. 1805-1-421-821 NOx 25 ml
Principle:
A grab sample is collected in an evacuated borosilicate round bottom flask containing absorbing solution of dilute sulfuric acid – hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide is measured by Phenoldisulfonic acid (PDS) procedure.
Initially the samples are taken in 50ml of containers made up of borosilicate material with a sample of 25ml.
Due to the concentrations of NOx present in the sample it is acidic in nature and to bring it to basic nature we add 10ml of 1 Normality of NaoH solution to each of the sample.
N1 V1 = N2 V2
Once the addition of NaoH is done, have to proceed to check the pH of the chemical solution containing sample. Due to its in acidic nature we use Red Litmus Paper which indicates the basicity of the solution by turning into blue color. Numerically it will come around 9 – 10 on litmus Strips.
Using the concept of Hot Plate, to derive the concentrations of oxides of nitrogen which are preserved in a medium of absorbing solution namely Sulphuric acid-hydrogen peroxide. The temperature of the hot plate must be less than the boiling point of the solution and it has to be kept in contact with the plate around 2-hours to dry.
The dried sample is collected for further procedure,
2ml of Phenol Disulphonic Acid(PDS Method) along with 1ml of distil water is added to the dried sample and then 4ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid along with 20ml of distilled water is added to the samples as well as to the blank solution.
Ammonia solution will be added until the color changes from its present, by indicating the color radiance of 410 nm. Where the concentrations of oxides of nitrogen can be identified by spectroscopy.
IDENTIFICATION OF FREQUENCY RANGE THROUGH COLOUR DIFFERENCE
STANDARD CONCENTRATION IDICATOR
Blank No Color Change
2ppm Light Yellow in Color
5ppm Medium Color
8ppm Strong Reflection of color
Sample 1 Very Light
Sample 2 Moderate
Sample 3 Minute color difference
Sample 4 Average
Sample 5 Average
To remove the impurities raised by the chemical concentrations we used 41microns filter paper and filtered samples are moved to spectroscopy laboratory through the authorized person.
CALICULATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN PRESENT IN THE SMAPLES
NOx = (Sa – Ba) * S * 50 * 1000 / Volume of gas sampled
Where,
Sa = Sample Absorbance
Ba = Blank Absorbance
S = Slope
Volume of Gas Sampled = {(Vf – Vs) / 106} * {Tstd / (Tf – Ti)} * {(Pf – Pi) / Pstd}
Where,
Vf = Volume of flask and valve in ml.
Vs = Volume of absorbing solution (25ml).
Tstd = Standard absolute temperature of flask (298.5K).
Tf = Final absolute temperature of flask in kelvin.
Ti = Initial absolute temperature of flask in kelvin.
Pf = Final absolute pressure of flask in mm Hg.
Pi = Initial absolute pressure of flask in mm Hg.
Pstd = Standard absolute pressure which is 760 mm Hg.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED SAMPLES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF RESPECTED COMPONENTS
: SECOND PHASE:
CALICULATING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND CARBONDIOXIDE FROM STATIONARY SOURCES.
Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide is measure using the instruments which identifies the actual accurate amount of concentrations based on calibrated platform. While the sample is collecting from another side of the vacuum pump which is connected to the stack.
CO and CO2 are collected through one-way squeeze bulb, later on it was labeled and transferred to the laboratory for the identification of concentration.
CALICULATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE TAKEN WHILE THE SAMPLE IS COLLECTING.
The concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are calculated by gas sensors where we can get the data digitally as shown in above figure.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED SAMPLES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF RESPECTED COMPONENTS
: THIRD PHASE:
COLLECTING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF PERTICULATE MATTER FROM THE STATIONARY SOURCES.
The determination of Particulate Matter through the sampling train is leaded by Iso-Kinetic sampling technique by avoiding gas to collect the particulates. To avoid non-uniform collection of particulates, samples should be taken from pre-selected number of transverse points.
The sampling train must be equipped with these essentials for collection of particulates,
A probe along with sampling nozzle of proper dimension with sharp edges.
An efficient particulate collector.
Must be arranged according to the concept of Iso-Kinetic sampling.
A vacuum pump for drawing the gas through the collector and nozzle kit.
ELEMENTS OF SAMPLING TRAIN:
Nozzle: It should be made up of stainless steel with minimum inter diameter. Recommended is 7mm. The size may increase in increasing diameter of stack.
Particulate Collector:
Thimble Holder: It is used to hold the filter media which holds the particulates with out escaping into the sampling train. The diameter should be 75mm relatively small sampling port.
The gasket sealing of the holder and the holder is made of relatively hard. Made of asbestos materials.
Filter Media:
Glass microfiber thimbles: These are made of finely woven borosilicate glass fiber. So, it can be used under heavy dust concentration conditions in other words heavy load diesel generators. These are resistant up to 500oC temperatures and holds the thickness in between 1 – 1.5mm.
Source: www.labfilter.com
CALICULATION OF PERTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED THROUGH THIMBLE.
Volume of gas sampled (Dry basis 298o C, 101 Kpa)
Vmn = Vm * {298/tm+273} * {Ba/101.3}
Volume of gas sampled (Wet basis 298oC, 101 Kpa)
Vmw = Vmn * {1 + M/100-M} Where M is moisture content of the sample.
Moisture content
M = {Vv/Vv + Vm} * 100
Where,
M = Moisture content.
Vv = Volume of vapor in m3.
Vm = Volume of gas sampled in m3.
Dust Concentrations
Dust concentration in g/m3 (298oK, 101Kpa, Dry basis)
SoD = G/Vmn
Dust concentration in g/m3 (298oK, 101Kpa, Wet basis)
Sow = G/Vmw
G = Mass of the dust in the thimble in grams.
Vmn = Volume of dry gas (298oK, 101 Kpa) in m3.
Vmw = Volume of wet gas (298oK, 101 Kpa) in m3.
Gas sampled in m3 – Vm = (Rm * t)
Flow rate (Rm) calculated using
Rm = Us * An * Tm/Ts {Pv / Ba – Pm – Vp} * (1 – M/100)
Where,
Rm = Flow rate at meter (m3/s)
Us = Velocity of flue gas (m/s)
An = Area of sampling nozzle (m3)
Tm = Absolute meter gas temperature (Ko)
Ts = Absolute stack gas temperature (Ko)
Pv = Absolute stack gas pressure (Kpa)
Ba = Barometric pressure
Pm = Suction at the pump (Kpa)
Vp = Water vapour pressure (Kpa)
M = Moisture content measured by mass.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SAMPLE SITE X:
S.NO SAMPLE PARAMETER OBSORBANCE
1. Blank KNO3 Working solution 0.001
2. 2ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.123
3. 5ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.250
4. 8ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.272
5. 14011819/2/5 NOx 0.102
6. 1804-2-421-2189 NOx 0.126
7. 14011819/2/1 NOx 0.142
8. 1805-5-421-821 NOx 0.159
9. 1805-1-421-821 NOx 0.210
Concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in the above site is
Concentrations of Particulate Matter in the above site is
SAMPLE SITE Y:
S.NO SAMPLE PARAMETER OBSORBANCE
1. Blank Standard Solution for Calibration 0.004
2. 2ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.123
3. 5ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.251
4. 8ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.274
5. 14011819/2/5 NOx 0.101
6. 1804-2-421-2189 NOx 0.123
7. 14011819/2/1 NOx 0.112
8. 1805-5-421-821 NOx 0.145
9. 1805-1-421-821 NOx 0.120
Concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in the above site is
Concentrations of Particulate Matter in the above site is
SAMPLE SITE Z:
S.NO SAMPLE PARAMETER OBSORBANCE
1. Blank Standard Solution for Calibration 0.001
2. 2ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.122
3. 5ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.248
4. 8ppm KNO3 Working solution 0.273
5. 14011819/1/2 NOx 0.111
6. Sample 1 NOx 0.132
7. Sample 2 NOx 0.142
8. Sample 3 NOx 0.113
Concentrations of oxides of nitrogen in the above site is
Concentrations of Particulate Matter in the above site is
AN HYPOTHESIS ON CONSEQUENCES OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND PERTICULATE MATTER ON HUMAN HEALTH
Consequences of oxides of nitrogen:
Based on a study conducted by ELLIOT COLDSTEIN, M.D., Daris which is named as “EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN MAN” published in “THE WESTREN JONURAL OF MEDICINE” describes that the effects caused by nitrogen dioxide in the development of respiratory diseases on human and animal health, but the effect might be minimal.
A pathologist namely Friedlander C.Uber discovered K.Pneumoniae which caused “pneumonia” and became a important cause of human infections around the world hospitals in 1882. It can result in death in the cases of patients who are immunodeficient. Due to it is a anaerobic bacterium lives in mouth and gut however if it travels from its native places to any other part of the body it leads to a pathogenic activity leads to infections, once it comes in contact with nitrogen dioxide through oxides of nitrogen which are emitting from stacks, there might be a chance of mutation of cancer cells and it is depends upon where the pneumonia is located in human body, more over K.pneumoniae is unique for Nitrogen fixation.
Consequences of particulate matter:
Mucus is a substance which is usually produced in body by different parts to protect and keep moisturizing the layers to avoid drying out critical organisms. It also acts as a trap for irritants like dust, smoke and bacteria. A body can produce about 1-10 liters of mucus per day that we never noticed, which is containing of antibodies and bacteria helps in protecting from infections. But due to continuous deposition of particulates through in healing the polluted air coming out from stacks leads to lung diseases and if it goes Sevier it may leads to lung cancer.
The areas which produces mucus in our body are,
Lungs
Sinuses
Mouth
Throat
Nose and
Gastroin Testinal Track.
